St. Paisius (Velichkovsky) of Neamtz
Saint Paisius of Neamtz was born in Poltava in Little Russia on December 21, 1722, and was the eleventh of twelve children. His father John was a priest, who named him Peter at his Baptism, in honor of Saint Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow, on whose Feast he was born.
After the children’s father died, their mother Irene raised them in piety. Peter was sent to study at the Moghila Academy in Kiev in 1735. After four years, Peter decided to leave the world and become a monk. At the age of seventeen, he went in search of a monastery and a good spiritual Father. For seven years Peter visited various monasteries, including the Kiev Caves Lavra, but he did not feel drawn to any of the monasteries of Ukraine.
After being made a rassophore monk (one blessed to wear the rasson, but not yet tonsured “into the mantle”) at the Saint Nicholas Medvedevsky Monastery with the name Platon, he found that there was no experienced Elder there who could teach him obedience or give him spiritual direction. Not wishing to begin his monastic life without such guidance, he left the monastery a week after his tonsure with the blessing of his Elder.
At first, he went to Kiev, where he happened to meet his sister-in-law, the widow of his older brother Archpriest John. She informed him of his mother’s sorrow when he left Kiev, and her mind seemed to be affected by her grief. Then one day an angel appeared to her and told her that instead of loving the Creator with her whole heart and soul, she loved His creation (her son) more.
Because of this excessive love, the angel went on, she was thinking of starving herself to death, which would result in her eternal condemnation. The angel said that by God’s grace, her son would become a monk, and that she should also renounce the world and become a nun. After this, she became calm and accepted God’s will. She entered a convent and was tonsured with the name Juliana. After about ten years, she departed to the Lord.
While at Kiev, Platon met two monks from Romania who were about to return to their country. After crossing the border into Moldavia, they came to Vlachia and the Skete of Saint Nicholas, which is called Treisteny, around 1745.
The Elder of the Skete, Hieroschemamonk Michael, was away on business in Ukraine, so Platon and his companions were welcomed by the Superior, Father Demetrius. Platon was placed under a general obedience and given a cell near the Skete, from which the church was visible.
As he was sleeping one night, the semantron was sounded calling the monks to Sunday Matins, but Platon did not hear it. He woke up and ran to the church, only to find that the Gospel had already been read, and the Canon was being sung. In his grief and shame, he did not enter the church, but returned to his cell and wept bitter tears. After the Liturgy, when it was time for the meal, the Superior and the Elder were surprised that Platon had not been seen at the services.
The Elder ordered that the meal be delayed while he sent a Father Athanasius to find out what had happened to Platon. Father Athanasius found him and asked why he was weeping. With difficulty, Platon was able to tell him the cause of his sorrow. Father Athanasius tried to console him and urged him to come to the Skete, where the others were waiting for him. Finally, he was persuaded to go.
Seeing the brethren at table but not eating, Platon fell down before them weeping and asking forgiveness. The Elder and the Superior lifted him up and heard from Father Athanasius the reason for his sorrow. The Elder told Platon not to grieve so over something that had happened involuntarily, and did his best to console him. From that time, however, the saint would not sleep lying down in bed, but sitting up on a bench.
One day the Elder Onuphrius of Kyrkoul visited the Skete and spoke about his Skete at Kyrkoul. Platon long to see Kyrkoul, and so he returned there with Father Onuphrius. He remained there for a time, conversing with Father Onuphrius about overcoming the passions, the struggle with demons, unceasing prayer, and other soul-profiting topics. This seed fell on good ground, later bearing spiritual fruit a hundredfold.
The time came when Platon was filled with a longing to visit Mount Athos. He asked the brethren of the Skete, and those of other Sketes, for their forgiveness and blessing for the journey. He also thanked them for their kindness and their paternal instruction. They blessed him and let him go in peace. At that time he was just twenty-four years old.
Platon went to Mount Athos in 1746, arriving at the Great Lavra on July 4, the eve of the Feast of Saint Athanasius of Athos. His traveling companion, Hieromonk Tryphon fell ill and died after four days. Platon would have died from the same illness, if not for the care of the Russian monks. He recovered and lived in solitude in a cell called Kaparis near the Pantokrator Monastery. He went around visiting the ascetics and solitaries, looking for a spiritual Father, but was unable to find anyone suitable.
In 1750 Saint Basil of Poiana Marului (April 15) visited the Holy Mountain and spent some time with Platon, who asked him for monastic tonsure. Elder Basil granted his request, giving him the name Paisius. Then Father Basil returned to his Skete at Vlachia.
About three months later, a young monk named Bessarion came to the Holy Mountain from Vlachia. He went around to the monasteries searching for an instructor, but did not find one. He also came to Father Paisius and asked him to tell him something about saving his soul.
Father Paisius sighed and told him that he himself had been looking for an instructor without success. Yet, feeling compassion for Father Bessarion, he talked to him a little about the qualifications necessary for a true instructor, and about the Jesus Prayer. After hearing him, Father Bessarion said, “What more do I seek?” He fell down at the feet of Father Paisius, entreating him to be his Elder.
Father Paisius did not want to be anyone’s Elder, wishing instead to be under authority himself. Father Bessarion remained for three days weeping until Father Paisius agreed to accept him as a friend, and not as a disciple. For about four years they lived together fulfilling God’s commandments, cutting off their own will and obeying one another as equals.
Other disciples began to join them, and their number continued to increase. Since they needed a priest and a confessor, they begged Father Paisius to accept ordination. He did not want to hear of this, and repeatedly refused to consent. They did not give up, however. They asked him how he could expect to teach the brethren obedience and cutting off their own will, when he disobeyed the tearful entreaties of those who wanted him to accept. Finally, he said, “May the will of God be done.”
In 1754 Father Paisius was ordained to the holy priesthood and was given the Skete of the Prophet Elias, where he began to accept even more disciples. Saint Paisius remained on Mt Athos for a total of seventeen years, copying Greek patristic books and translating them into Slavonic.
In 1763 Father Paisius went to Moldavia with sixty-four disciples, and was given the Dragomirna Monastery near the city of Sochava and on the border between Bukovina and Moldavia. Here he remained for twelve years, and the number of monks increased to three hundred and fifty.
His friend Hieromonk Alexius came to visit him from Vlachia, and Father Paisius asked him to tonsure him into the Schema. Father Alexius did so, but without changing his name. While at Dragomirna, Father Paisius corrected the Slavonic translations of patristic books by comparing them to the Greek manuscripts he had copied on Mt Athos.
The Russo-Turkish war broke out in 1768, and Moldavia and Vlachia saw many battles. Dragomirna and the forests around it became filled with refugees from the villages near the battlegrounds. Another catastrophe appeared in 1771 with the outbreak of plague. When Dragomirna and Bukovina came under the control of Austrian Catholics, Saint Paisius and his flock fled to Moldavia. In October of 1775, he went to Secu (“Beheading”) Monastery, which was dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, with many of his monks.
Secu was too small for the number of brethren, who were crowded with three to five monks in a cell. In the spring, more brethren were due to arrive from Dragomirna, so new cells had to be built. After three years of labor one hundred cells were completed, and everyone had a place. Still, the numbers increased and they had to look for a larger monastery.
Prince Constantine Muruz wrote to the Elder saying that there was no larger monastery than Neamts, about two hours from Secul. On August 14, 1779, Saint Paisius moved to Neamts Monastery where he spent the last fifteen years of his life translating the writings of the Holy Fathers. He organized the community according to the Typikon (Rule) of Mt Athos.
He gathered about a thousand monks in the monastery, instructing them in the unceasing prayer of the heart.
Archbishop Ambrose visited Saint Paisius at Neamts in 1790, staying for two days to converse with the Elder. During the Sunday Liturgy, he raised Saint Paisius to the rank of Archimandrite. He remained two more days, then departed after blessing everyone.
Saint Paisius fell asleep in the Lord on November 15, 1794 at the age of seventy-two. It is possible that God revealed the date of his death to him beforehand, for he stopped translating books. He only reviewed and corrected what had already been translated.
He was ill for four days, but felt well enough to attend the Liturgy on Sunday. After the service, he asked everyone to come and receive his blessing. He said farewell to them all, then returned to his cell and would not receive anyone.
A few days later, on November 15, he received the Holy Mysteries again and surrendered his soul to God. His funeral was conducted by Bishop Benjamin of Tuma, and was attended by multitudes of priests, monks, laymen, nobles and ordinary people.
The holy relics of Saint Paisius were uncovered in 1846, 1853, 1861 and 1872, and were found to be incorrupt.
Saint Paisius has had an enormous influence, not only in Romania, but throughout the Orthodox world. His disciples traveled to Russia, sparking the spiritual revival of the nineteenth century with Slavonic translations of the PHILOKALIA and the tradition of eldership which they had learned from Saint Paisius.
This influence has been felt even in America through Saint Herman of Alaska (December 13). Saint Herman was taught by Elders whose spiritual formation was guided by Saint Paisius. He first met Father Nazarius, who became his Elder at Valaam, at Sarov, then followed him to Sanaxar when Saint Theodore (February 19) was their igumen.
One of the books that Saint Herman brought with him to America was the Slavonic PHILOKALIA, printed in 1794. He absorbed the spiritual wisdom that it contained, and imparted it to others.
Viața Sfântului Cuvios Paisie de la Neamț
Pentru sfințenia vieții sale, numele Cuviosului Paisie de la Neamț era cunoscut în toate țările ortodoxe, începând din Muntele Athos până în Lavra Peșterilor din Kiev și de la Mănăstirea Optina până în sihăstriile din nordul Rusiei.
În luna noiembrie, ziua a cincisprezecea, se face pomenirea Sfântului Cuvios Paisie de la Neamț.
Cuviosul și de Dumnezeu purtătorul Părintele nostru Paisie de la Neamț s-a născut în orașul Poltava din Ucraina în anul 1722, la 21 decembrie, într-o binecuvântată familie preoțească, fiind al unsprezecelea copil din cei doisprezece frați. Tatăl său se numea Ioan și era protoiereu al Poltavei, iar mama sa se chema Irina. Din botez s-a numit Petru.
Tatăl său murind de tânăr, în anul 1735 copilul a fost dat de mama sa să învețe carte la Academia teologică din Kiev, întemeiată de mitropolitul moldovean Petru Movilă. După patru ani, părăsind școala, intră în viața monahală la Mănăstirea Medvedeski, având vârsta de 19 ani. Aici este făcut rasofor, primind numele de Platon. După puțină ședere în Mănăstirea Pecerska, vine în Moldova, în anul 1745, și se stabilește la schitul Trăisteni - Râmnicu Sărat și apoi la Mănăstirea Dălhăuți.
În vara anului 1746 se duce la Muntele Athos, unde se nevoiește ca sihastru patru ani de zile. În anul 1750 este tuns, aici, în monahism de Cuviosul Vasile de la Poiana Mărului, duhovnicul său, primind numele de Paisie. Apoi, este hirotonit ieromonah și întemeiază o obște monahală în Schitul Sfântul Prooroc Ilie, unde se nevoiește până în vara anului 1763, adunând în jurul său 64 de călugări români, ucraineni și ruși.
Din motive binecuvântate, în vara aceluiași an, se reîntoarce în Moldova împreună cu toți ucenicii săi și se stabilește la Mănăstirea Dragomirna, unde se nevoiește doisprezece ani, până în 1775. Aici, Cuviosul Paisie formează o obște mare de 350 de călugări și traduce, împreună cu ucenicii săi români, care erau buni cunoscători ai limbii eline vechi, o parte din scrierile filocalice ale Sfinților Părinți, devenind, astfel, ctitorul Filocaliei în limbile română și slavonă. Filocalia de la Dragomirna din 1769 este prima colecție majoră de traduceri românești filocalice (626 pagini), adunate de monahul Rafail.
În anul 1775, Moldova de Nord căzând sub ocupație austriacă, Cuviosul Paisie a fost nevoit să se stabilească la Mănăstirea Secu, în data de 14 octombrie, împreună cu 200 de monahi, lăsând la Dragomirna o obște de 150 de monahi. Aici se nevoiește patru ani, continuând aceeași rânduială de viață duhovnicească atonită, ca și la Dragomirna.
Cu binecuvântarea mitropolitului Moldovei Gavriil Calimachi și la îndemnul domnitorului Alexandru Moruzi, Cuviosul Paisie s-a mutat la Mănăstirea Neamț, cu o mare parte din obștea de la Secu, în ziua de 14 august 1779, unificând astfel cele două mănăstiri sub povățuirea unui singur stareț.
Timp de cincisprezece ani, cât a fost stareț al celor două mănăstiri unificate, Neamț - Secu, Cuviosul Paisie păstrează cu sfințenie același regulament de viață monahală din Sfântul Munte Athos, atât în ceea ce privește rânduiala sfintelor slujbe, cât și nevoința monahilor la chilie. La biserică erau datori să ia parte toți părinții și frații, afară de cei bolnavi sau cei trimiși la ascultări. Marele stareț venea cel dintâi la sfintele slujbe și neîncetat se ruga cu rugăciunea inimii, vărsând în taină multe lacrimi. În obștea Cuviosului Paisie de la Neamț se aflau mai mulți călugări, sporiți duhovnicește, care aveau darul lacrimilor și al neîncetatei rugăciuni, căutând să-i urmeze întru toate părintelui lor sufletesc.
Spovedania fraților obștii se făcea în fiecare seară, iar pentru cei mai sporiți, o dată la trei zile. Pentru aceasta, Cuviosul Paisie a rânduit 24 de duhovnici, care spovedeau și îndrumau duhovnicește întreaga obște, iar marele stareț supraveghea bunul mers al celor două mănăstiri, atât în cele duhovnicești, cât și în ascultările de obște, primind la chilia sa pe cei care veneau pentru sfat și binecuvântare. Cei neascultători primeau canon și mustrare părintească.
O atenție deosebită a acordat Cuviosul Paisie de la Neamț traducerii din limba greacă a scrierilor patristice filocalice, continuând, astfel, șirul traducerilor de la Dragomirna și Secu. Unii călugări moldoveni, munteni și ardeleni, fiind buni eleniști, traduceau scrierile Sfinților Părinți din limba greacă veche în limba română, iar călugării slavi traduceau în limba slavonă, făcând din Mănăstirea Neamț o adevărată academie patristică și duhovnicească, nemaiîntâlnită în alte țări ortodoxe din acea vreme.
Cuviosul Paisie era și un bun organizator și înnoitor al vieții monahale, întemeind în jurul Muntelui Ceahlău câteva sihăstrii de călugărițe, pe care le îndruma duhovnicește, rânduindu-le duhovnic pe Cuviosul Iosif Pustnicul (Š1828), unul dintre ucenicii săi de la Neamț. Alt ucenic al său cu viață sfântă era Cuviosul Irinarh Rosetti (Š1859), mare lucrător al rugăciunii inimii, fondatorul Mănăstirii Horaița și al altor așezăminte monahale din Moldova, din Athos, precum și al bisericii de pe Muntele Tabor, din țara Sfântă.
Pentru sfințenia vieții sale, numele Cuviosului Paisie de la Neamț era cunoscut în toate țările ortodoxe, începând din Muntele Athos până în Lavra Peșterilor din Kiev și de la Mănăstirea Optina până în sihăstriile din nordul Rusiei. De aceea, în 1790, mitropolitul Ambrozie, trecând prin Moldova, l-a făcut arhimandrit. În vremea aceea, mulți dregători, boieri și chiar ierarhi sau domnitori poposeau la Mănăstirea Neamț, dorind să vadă pe acest mare stareț cu viață sfântă. Influența lui a fost mare asupra multor mănăstiri și schituri din Moldova: Dragomirna, Secu, Neamț, Agapia, Văratec, Bisericani, Râșca, Vovidenia, Pocrov, Tarcău, precum și Cernica, Robaia, Căldărușani etc., din țara Românească.
În toamna anului 1794, îmbolnăvindu-se, și-a dat sufletul său curat în mâinile Domnului nostru Iisus Hristos în seara zilei de joi, 15 noiembrie, la vârsta de 72 de ani. A fost plâns de toată obștea celor două mănăstiri, cu schiturile lor, care numărau peste 1000 de călugări români, ruși, ucraineni, greci, bulgari. Sâmbătă, 17 noiembrie, a fost înmormântat în gropnița bisericii mari, zidită de Binecredinciosul Voievod ștefan cel Mare și Sfânt. Fiind cinstit ca sfânt, încă din viață, ucenicii săi i-au săvârșit slujba de pomenire, rânduindu-i ca zi anuală de prăznuire 15 noiembrie. În ultimele decenii ale secolului al XVIII-lea, precum și în secolul al XIX-lea, ucenicii lui români au răspândit isihasmul în țările Române, iar cei slavi în peste 100 de mănăstiri din Rusia și Ucraina.
În 1988, Sfântul Sinod al Bisericii Ortodoxe Ruse l-a canonizat pe Cuviosul Paisie de la Neamț. În 1992, Sfântul Sinod al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române a rânduit pomenirea ca sfânt a Cuviosului Paisie de la Neamț, fiind trecut în calendar la data de 15 noiembrie. La mormântul lui de la Mănăstirea Neamț vin să se închine și să-i ceară ajutor nu numai credincioși din România, ci și din alte țări.
Cu ale lui rugăciuni, Doamne Iisuse Hristoase, Fiul lui Dumnezeu, miluiește-ne și ne mântuiește pe noi. Amin.